Are you having trouble sleeping?

Insomnia is a huge problem in the United States. We spend over $10 billion a year on sleep-related treatments and it’s estimated we lose over $40 billion in worker productivity due to sleeplessness.

Insomnia is a very complex subject that I can address only briefly in this column. I’ll focus on some causes of insomnia this week. It’s important to remember that insomnia is not a disease – it is a symptom of an underlying problem.

There are three types of insomnia. The first is transient insomnia that lasts a week or less and is usually due to some type of limited stress. It can also be the result of environmental factors such as sleeping in an unfamiliar bed or other location or having too much light or noise in a room. The second type of insomnia is short-term insomnia that lasts one to six months and is usually caused by persistent stress. Finally, chronic insomnia lasts greater than six months.

There are numerous causes of chronic insomnia, the most common of which is psychiatric illness, usually anxiety and/or depression. Trouble initiating asleep is the primary symptom of people suffering from anxiety. These folks usually report that they can’t turn their thoughts off at bedtime. I see this frequently in patients who are multi-taskers who feel as though they never get everything finished. Depression is also a common cause of chronic insomnia, though these folks usually present with “terminal insomnia,” meaning they wake up very early in the morning.

Pain from arthritis or other conditions like fibromyalgia can lead to chronic insomnia. Lung disease such as COPD or heart disease, especially congestive heart failure, can lead to frequent episodes of waking at night. Chronic insomnia has also been identified as a long-term symptom of COVID-19.

Restless Leg Syndrome (RLS) can cause trouble getting to sleep or staying asleep. Sleep apnea may also cause frequent nighttime awakenings. Over-the-counter medication use can be a common cause of chronic insomnia, particularly stimulants such as caffeine as well as sedatives, especially alcohol.

Caffeine is a huge problem and one of the first habits I ask about when I see someone who has trouble sleeping. Some people drink too much soda, coffee or energy drinks. I often discover they’re doing it to keep themselves awake during the day because they can’t sleep at night! This is common in teens and college students so they don’t miss any posts on social media. Caffeine can stay in your system for eight hours or longer.

Over-the-counter or prescription sleeping pills can also be habit-forming. People who take these often find themselves unable to stop taking them or they require larger doses to get the same effect. If they do stop them, they can develop “rebound insomnia.” Sleeping pills can also be extremely dangerous when used by seniors. They often lead to problems with balance and coordination that can cause falls that often result in fractures or brain injuries.

Many people subscribe to the incorrect notion that alcohol helps them sleep. While alcohol has depressant effects on the brain, it actually does not allow the brain to enter deep sleep phases. Deep sleep is critical for the brain to refresh itself. If the brain does not get enough deep sleep, the person constantly feels sleep deprived.

Shift work sleep disorder is another common cause of insomnia usually suffered by workers in manufacturing. This condition can develop when workers either change shifts or have a brain that is wired to only function properly if they sleep at night. More and more young people are suffering from “sleep phase delay” insomnia. This results from staying up late and sleeping in late. The problem arises when they want to go to bed earlier and can’t get to sleep.

Next week I’ll cover prevention and treatment of sleep disorders. Pleasant dreams!

Dr. John Roberts is a member of the Franciscan Physician Network specializing in Family Medicine as well as the Deputy County Health Officer in Montgomery County.